Nestle Marketing Research Project free essay sample

The primary point of Nestle is to arrive at each and every Pakistani. Settle presently propelled another enhanced squeeze in Pakistan that is Nestle Guvava in 2008. The benefit and net overall revenues stayed stable. In general net revenue indicated a slight increment yet a slight decrease in net revenue was seen. Issue Statement â€Å"To know the explanation of decrease in deals of Nestle orange juice† Sales Growth Nestle squeezed orange has been a lead brand of Nestle juices since years. Be that as it may, their business declined to - 1 % when contrasted with a year ago. A year ago development in deals according to the gathering with the Brand administrator juices, we got an understanding about client disposition, contenders, item advancement and so on †¢ Total commitment of squeezed orange is 20% to income in the juices class; anyway the general piece of the overall industry of juices is 60%. Client Attitudes The fundamental worry that the consumer’s of Nestle O range juices have with respect to the juice is identified with the immaculateness of the juice. We will compose a custom article test on Settle Marketing Research Project or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page On the web we discovered who are the contenders of settle in its juices line and all the more exactly in its squeezed orange. Writing search uncovered that a couple of our significant rivals are: †¢ Shezan All unadulterated †¢ Haleeb Good Day †¢ Minute Maid Minute Maid One of the main rivals of Nestle juice is Minute Maid propelled by Coca Cola. Deals of still drinks, for example, Powerade and Minute Maid organic product juices, bounced 14 percent by volume, far outpacing a four percent ascend by shimmering refreshments, for example, Coke and Sprite. Haleeb Good Day Haleeb Good Day offers 100% unadulterated orange juices with no additional sugar, flavors or additives. Haleeb Good Day squeezed orange gives the customers the total have a great time taste, and revives them simultaneously. It is stuffed in a 6-layered Tetra Pack Brick Aseptic bundling. Shezan All Pure Shezan All Pure juices advance our faculties with the new taste of 100% unadulterated squeezed orange. A taste of All Pure helps our taste buds leave on an enchanted excursion loaded up with the best natural product sensations. The information that was discovered useful seeing Shezan is as per the following: Food Personal Care-Product

Microeconomics Project free essay sample

For example, will purchasers or venders pay a bigger segment of the expense per unit? Clarify. The same the weight on buyers’ charge acknowledged by them is more for merchandise that have inelastic interest. In light of the flexibility characterizations their impact on charge income, and duty frequency, which products would the administration like to burden? The Government charge products with inelastic interest like meats, bread, soda pops as individuals will eat up for these things notwithstanding the adjustment in value Part 2: Research the impact of changes in cigarette burdens on charge income for a state. Does this change show cigarettes have a flexible or inelastic interest in that state? Bolster your answer I have picked Indiana where I am and Illinois and Michigan which are near Indiana. State and nearby tobacco charge income select years 2008 to 2010 thousand of dollars Indiana 519,871-2008, 510,585-2009, 484,686-2010, Illinois 827,484-2008, 770,648-2009, 746,953-2010, Michigan 1,076,087-2008, 1,043,532-2009, 1,057,495-2010 What is indicated is that cigarettes have an inelastic a diminishing in cost lessens income the expansion in amount requested is relatively littler than the decline in cost. We will compose a custom article test on Microeconomics Project or then again any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page

Is There a Cure for Your Hangover

Is There a Cure for Your Hangover Addiction Alcohol Use Print Is There a Cure for Hangovers? By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on June 07, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on November 01, 2019 mediaphotos/iStock   More in Addiction Alcohol Use Binge Drinking Withdrawal and Relapse Children of Alcoholics Drunk Driving Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery People who drink to the point of intoxication usually experience some hangover symptoms. Therefore, the best cure for a hangover is to prevent it from happening in the first place by not drinking alcohol at all, or by drinking very modest amounts. There are other steps that can help in hangover prevention, but once the symptoms of a hangover begin, there are few options that actually bring relief.?? Some of the widely used, traditional hangover cures really do little to relieve symptoms, and some of them can actually make the situation worse. What Does Not Work for Hangovers There are several myths and urban legends surrounding the cure for a hangover that has been around for years. Most of them have no scientific basis: The Hair of the Dog That Bit You: The practice of having a drink the next morning to ward off the effects of a hangover doesnt really work in the long run, contrary to popular belief. Since the worse hangover symptoms occur when the drinkers blood alcohol content returns to zero, taking a drink the next morning only delays the inevitable. It may lessen the symptoms in the short term, but giving the liver more alcohol to metabolize will only increase the discomfort later.?? Additionally, a morning-after drink can lead to more drinking and can contribute to eventual alcohol dependence.Black Coffee: Coffee may relieve the feeling of fatigue associated with hangovers and help alleviate the headache symptoms by constricting blood vessels, but that relief is only temporary and the symptoms will return. More importantly, coffee acts as a diuretic further dehydrating the body and increasing the hangover symptoms. Again, coffee may lessen some symptoms initially, but in the long run, may caus e more problems.??Taking Tylenol Before Going to Bed: This treatment seems to make sense, but it fails on two levels. First, the effects of acetaminophen (Tylenol) will usually wear off before the onset of hangover symptoms. It would be better to take it after the symptoms begin. Additionally, when the liver is processing alcohol it cannot process acetaminophen as it usually does, which can cause liver inflammation and possible permanent liver damage.??Eating Fried or Greasy Foods: If you eat foods with a lot of fat before drinking, the oils can coat your stomach lining and slow down the absorption of alcohol. This can help prevent the severity of a hangover. However, eating greasy food the morning after a drinking bout will probably only add to the gastrointestinal malaise by irritating the stomach and intestines.Eating Burnt Toast: Carbon can act as a filter in the body, and activated charcoal is used to treat some types of poisonings, but the carbon found on burnt toast is not ac tivated charcoal, and it does not work the same in the body. Over-the-counter products sold as hangover cures that contain carbon are intended to be taken before drinking, not after the hangover begins.?? What Does Relieve Hangovers The only real cure for a hangover is time. If no more alcohol is consumed, hangover symptoms should subside between eight and 24 hours. But, of course, there are some things that can be done to relieve some of the most severe symptoms. Water or Sports Drinks: The dehydration effects of alcohol causes some of the most discomfort associated with hangoversâ€"headache, dizziness, and lightheadedness. The quickest way to relieve those symptoms is to drink lots of water.?? Sports drinks, such as Gatorade, will not only relieve dehydration  but also replace needed electrolytes.Painkillers: Aspirin and ibuprofen (Advil or Motrin) may reduce a hangover-induced headache and muscle pain, but they should not be used if you are experiencing abdominal pain or nausea. The medications themselves are gastric irritants and can compound gastrointestinal hangover symptoms. Acetaminophen (Tylenol) should not be taken during a hangover because alcohol metabolism enhances acetaminophens toxicity. Also, ibuprofen taken when dehydrated can sometimes cause kidney dysfunction especially in persons with poor kidney function.??Bouillon Soup: If you cant handle the idea of eating anything solid while experiencing severe hangover symptoms, try s ome bouillon soup. It also can help replace salt and potassium lost during a drinking binge. The Bottom Line Drinking as much water as possible over the course of the evening and before you go to bed will relieve a great deal of the hangover symptoms caused by dehydration. But only time will cure the hangover symptoms caused by the alcohol poisoning effects of excessive drinking.

A Study On Juvenile Offenders - 960 Words

In the past fifteen years, the number of juveniles detained or committed for an offense has ranged from 50,000 to 100,000 (Foley, 2001; Office of Juvenile Justice Detention Prevention, 2015), with only a small number of these going on to finish at the high school level (diploma or GED) after release. In fact, a seminal study by Haberman and Quinn (1986) found that only 1.6% of former juvenile offenders earn their high school diploma. More current research has found that that number varies, but that less than 20% of juvenile offenders who were detained ever achieve a high school diploma or GED (Osgood, Foster, Courtney, 2010; Uggen Wakefield, 2005). Unfortunately, the National Center for Educational Statistics does not track high school graduation rates for this subgroup of individuals, so the exact number is not obtainable. Educational achievement is important for all students, but especially for juvenile offenders. Previous research on juvenile offenders has found that incarceration prior to age 16 significantly reduces the probability of graduating from high school (Hjalmarsson, 2008). Unfortunately, research has also shown that juvenile offenders who do not experience academic achievement have a high rate of recidivism and ending up back in the juvenile justice system or even being incarcerated as adults (Bullis, Yovanoff, Mueller, Havel, 2002; LeBlanc, Pfannenstiel, Tashjian, 1991; Sullivan, 2004). Academic success, therefore, can reduce delinquency (Arum Show MoreRelatedThe Need For Risk / Needs Assessment1731 Words   |  7 Pagesrate of juvenile offenders. There are many different instruments used to help classify delinquent youths and their likelihood of reoffending. Risk / needs assessment were primarily designed to the male population. Many researchers have examined gendered differences and feel as if there should be a â€Å"different need† approach that should be in place for women (Stephane M. Shepherd, 2012). Further researchers have found that females commit crime just as harsh and harmful as male juvenile offenders. By examiningRead MoreThe Crime Of Juvenile Offenders1256 Words   |  6 Pagesextremely much higher rates in the 2000’s) that portions of juvenile offenders commit most of the chronic, and violent, crimes of juvenile offenders. In a study conducted by Philadelphia birth cohort (Figlio, Wolfgang, Sellin, 1972) found that these â€Å"chronic offenders† (including having five or more police contact activities) in whole, constituted six percent of the cohort, and a rising figure of 18 percent of all delinquents. The juvenile offenders were again responsible for the rising of 64 percent ofRead MoreThe Effects Of Restorative Justice On Juvenile Recidivism1407 Words   |  6 Pagesavailable on the effects of restorative justice on juve nile recidivism range from meta-analyses of multiple studies to individual program studies. According to Bradshaw and Roseborough (2005), â€Å"The use of meta-analytic methods provides a useful means for summarizing diverse research findings across restorative justice studies and synthesizing these findings in an objective manner.† (p. 19). Four meta-analytic studies reveal an overall reduction in juvenile recidivism (Bradshaw and Roseborough 2005; BradshawRead MoreReducing Recidivism Rate Of Juvenile Offenders1241 Words   |  5 PagesReducing Juvenile Recidivism Jessica D. Pettit The University of Texas at Tyler Abstract This paper explores the factors that contribute to the recidivism rate of juvenile offenders. Recidivism refers to a person s relapse into criminal behavior, often after the person receives sanctions or undergoes intervention for a previous crime. It explains the advantages and disadvantages that intervention programs, extracurricular activities, education and home and family life have on juvenile offendersRead MoreJuvenile Courts Essay891 Words   |  4 Pagescrimes such as murder, burglary and rape have raised questions as to whether the young offenders should face severe punitive treatment or the normal punitive measures in juvenile courts. Many would prefer the juveniles given harsh punishment in order to discourage other young people from engaging in similar activities and to serve as a lesson to these particular offenders. However, results from previous studies indicate such punitive measures were neither successful nor morally acceptable. InsteadRead MoreJuvenile Offenders An d The Juvenile Justice System950 Words   |  4 Pages Since 1899 when the juvenile justice system was first created it has undergone quite a series of changes relative to how they go about the overall handling of juvenile offenders in the criminal justice system. In most states the only way for juveniles to be tried as adults is if they are over the age of 16 or if they have committed a violent crime such as rape or assault but recently many juveniles are being tried as adults for even far lesser crimes. It also has been well documented for a numberRead MoreJuvenile Justice Process and Correction834 Words   |  4 PagesJuvenile Justice Process and Correction Keith Betts CJA/374 September 30, 2012 Xander L. is a young man with a rough start in life, who is a known gang member, and has been in and out of the juvenile court system on numerous occasions. The 17-year-old young man has been involved in various crimes, such as purse snatching, breaking and entering, and drug possession. The juvenile offender previously served one yearRead MoreJuvenile Female Sex Offenders : Offender And Offence Characteristics933 Words   |  4 PagesWriting Assignment #1 CRIJ 2313-Dr.Koenigsberg 9/17/14 Juvenile Female Sex Offenders Wijkman, Miriam, Catrien Bijleveld, and Jan Hendriks. Juvenile Female Sex Offenders: Offender And Offence Characteristics. European Journal Of Criminology 11.1 (2013): 23-38. European Journal Of Criminology. Web. 14 Sept. 2014. http://euc.sagepub.com/content/11/1/23. For this critical paper I evaluated the article, Juvenile Female Sex Offenders: Offender And Offence Characteristics†. This article conforms toRead MoreThe Juvenile Justice System And Juvenile Offenders941 Words   |  4 Pageshave been many studies conducted that examine ways in which the juvenile justice system responds to female offenders. Historically juvenile female offenders have been treated under status offense jurisdiction (Zahn et al., 2010, p. 10). United States Courts would exercise the principle of â€Å"parens patriae† to place the female in detention as a form of punishment for misbehavior (Sherman, 2012, pp. 1589-1590). This principle also remains prevalent as it pertains to how the juvenile justice system currentlyRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency And Its Effects On The Development Of An Individual s Brain1269 Words   |  6 Pagesfamilies are often a part of the background of juvenile homicide offenders. While not the case for all, juveniles convicted of homicide more frequently have criminally violent family members (Darby, Allan, Kashani, Hartke, Reid, 1998) in addition to parental absence. Compared to nonviolent youths, juvenile homicide offenders are twice as likely to have suffered physical abuse at the hands of family members (Darby et al., 1998). When juveniles experience abuse and neglect, they are at risk

The Changes And Development Of Western Civilization

Through the history of western civilization, there have been many recurring themes. One of the major themes throughout the history of this region would be political and social violence. Monarchies and other forms of government have historically struggled with being able to successfully and efficiently control their territories and societies. Various forms of governments have been used in order to find the most effective type of government for their individual countries. One main issue for these government systems was the problem of ensuring that everyone is happy and satisfied with the amount of liberties and rights being provided to them. If the general population is not happy with how they are being treated by their ruler or by the upper†¦show more content†¦The Committee of Public Safety creation allowed for Robespierre to seize control of the government and for his ideologue to be put into action (636). Robespierre is known as the architect of the Reign of Terror because he called for the arrest of more than 300,000 French men and women within nine months, more than 40,000 of them were executed (636). During the Reign of Terror the Jacobins targeted Girondists, as well as anyone else who was not loyal to Robespierre s radical republic, for imprisonment or execution. In the Report of The Principles of Public Morality, you can clearly see that Robespierre is advocating for the use of violence and terror against the people who stand in the way of the Republic. Robespierre explains why terror is justified and that it is because liberty should be protected at all costs (95). The following quote from him illustrates this thinking, â€Å"Therefore we must either smother our Republic s internal and external enemies, or perish with them† (96). This quote helps demonstrate the ideologue that Robespierre had and that he truly believed that without violence and the killing of the 40,000 French men and women that liberty would be ruined in France. He also discussed the how in an ideal world violence would not be needed in order to secureShow MoreRelatedEssay on Attributes That Have Influence566 Words   |  3 PagesInfluenced Western Civilization There have been major influences from ancient civilizations that have helped the development of our Western Civilization today. Two major civilizations that have maybe contributed the most to our civilization are ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. Some of their contributions to our world today include farming, sailing and navigation, and the use of their calendar. First, and possibly the most important attribute that have come from the ancient civilizations is the artRead MoreEffects Of The Crusades On Western Civilizations915 Words   |  4 Pagesnegative impact to western civilization, however, that may not be the case. On the contrary, the Crusades provided a positive short-term and long-term economic, religious, and cultural development to western civilization. These wars caused a change in the economy and with politics. Though the crusades caused some negative consequences, it also provided some positive short-term consequences as well. These positive short-term consequences aided in the development of western civilizations. Some of theseRead MoreCivilization is Connected from the Mesopotamians to the Powerful Roman Empire836 Words   |  4 Pagesmoment changes into the past and creates history. History is filled with a plethora of events, people, and concepts that have left an enduring influence. Society has developed many components which became foundational to Western culture from the Mesopotamian civilizations to the emergence of the Romans. The contributions of a variety of cultures shaped the course of Western history. The Mesopotamians and Egyptians are among the first civilizations to make a valuable contribution to Western CivilizationRead MoreThe Clash of Civilization (Samuel Huntington Article Review) Essay945 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Clash of Civilization written by Samuel Huntington tries to analyze the world after the cold war. Huntington in his thesis clearly states that the new era of world politics will not be based on conflicts occurring due to ideological or economic clashes amongst states, but rather the dominating source of conflict will be cultural. Huntington proposes that instead of classifying countries into first, second or third worlds, one should classify countries in terms of their civilization. He definesRead MoreClassical Era in Latin America and Europe Essay1569 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough each classical civilization developed its own unique style of politics, culture and economies, the economic and social patterns in Latin America distinctly detached this civilization from any Western society, which accounted for obvious distinctions in both culture and politics. In politics, the most apparent feature of the Western Society was the creation of new political ideologies, resulting in neither an absolute or dictatorial structure. The instability of Latin American politicsRead MoreMusic s Influence On Western Music1347 Words   |  6 Pagesmusic makes a qualities of race higher and expensive, where have music, where enjoy to melt . I think western music is the most fashionable music in the world.Even in classical we stern music, it was also very modern.Western music has very long history, experienced lots of difficulties and changes. Until now, there are still many researchers studying western music’s history. As I know, early western music mostly were light music which didn’t have lyrics. Only some folk songs have lyrics , but they wereRead MoreWhy Do We Own The Catholic Church For Built The Western Civilization?1023 Words   |  5 PagesWhy do we own the Catholic Church for built the Western Civilization? Thomas E. Woods, Jr. stated in How The Catholic Church Built Western Civilization; that â€Å"The church, in fact, built Western civilization†(1). Rather than presenting a story of the Church s history, Woods chooses a topical approach, but he does so focusing on the history of the Church before the understanding and the writings of Gibbon. He covers the Church s very important role in the conversion of the dangerous, wild people;Read MoreThe Image of Medieval Western E urope Essay769 Words   |  4 PagesThe image of medieval western Europe can be attributed to political, religious, economic, and cultural factors. The impulse of expansion, unity under Christianity, trade, and education were key developments within the factors. Ultimetly, these developments contributed to the advancement of medieval western Europe in the postclassical period. The medieval government in western Europe exercised feudalism which also established the structure of political powers. Kings held the most authority whileRead MoreChanges and Continuity in Western Europe Essay769 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the period of 1492 to 1750, Europe experienced drastic changes during their Age of Discovery. As a result of contact and colonization, Western Europe’s economy, political, social, and military systems changed, but also maintained certain aspects that enabled them to build strong civilizations. Such changes include increased (international) trade routes, more centralized governments such as monarchies, decreased unifying influence of the Catholic Church, and increased interest in military conquestRead MoreColosseum, Arch of Titus, Basilica of Constantine, Palace of Docletian1354 Words   |  5 Pages The Western civilization as we know it traces back to Europe, as well as the Mediterranean. More specifically, it is comprised of mainly Wes tern Europe and North America. The Western culture as a whole exemplifies the social norms, political systems, heritage, and customs. Much of those influences have arisen by no other than the contributions done by Rome. Rome has not only shaped a significant amount of the Western civilization in various ways such as the architecture, forming of a republic, diffusion

Project-Proposal-Template Free Essays

Project Proposal Template Project Proposal Template Company Name Company Name Write Company Address Here City, State, Zip Code Phone, Fax Email: www. proposaltemplatestips. com Website: www. We will write a custom essay sample on Project-Proposal-Template or any similar topic only for you Order Now abc. com Write Company Address Here City, State, Zip Code Phone, Fax Email: www. proposaltemplatestips. com Website: www. abc. com Project Proposal Project Proposal 2011/12 2011/12 Project Name Project Name Business Area Program Name Business Area Program Name Project Sponsor:| | Author (Business):| | Author (MIS):| | Project Sponsor:| | Author (Business):| | Author (MIS):| | DD/MM/YYYY DD/MM/YYYY a). Sample text —————————————————————————————————————- 1 b). Sample text —————————————————————————————————————- 4 c). Sample text —————————————————————————————————————- 6 b). Sample text —————————————————————————————————————- 8 d). Sample text —————————————————————————————————————- 10 e). Sample text —————————————————————————————————————- 14 f). Sample text —————————————————————————————————————- 15 g). Sample text ————â⠂¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- 19 h). Sample text —————————————————————————————————————- 20 i). Sample text —————————————————————————————————————- 24 j). Sample text —————————————————————————————————————- 27 k). Sample text ————â⠂¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- 28 l). Sample text —————————————————————————————————————- 29 m). Sample text —————————————————————————– ———————————- 31 n). Sample text —————————————————————————————————————- 32 o). Sample text ————â €”————————————————————————————————- 33 p). Sample text —————————————————————————————————————- 35 q). Sample text —————————————————————————————————————- 39 r). Sample text —————————————————————————————————————- 41 s). Sample text ————â⠂¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- 43 t). Sample text —————————————————————————————————————- 45 u). Sample text —————————————————————————————————————- 45 v). Sample text —————————————————————————————————————- 48 w). Sample text ————â⠂¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- 49 x). Sample text —————————————————————————————————————- 52 y). Sample text —————————————————————————————————————- 53 z). Sample text —————————————————————————————————————- 59 a). Sample text ————â⠂¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- 1 b). Sample text —————————————————————————————————————- 4 c). Sample text —————————————————————————————————————- 6 b). Sample text —————————————————————————————————————- 8 d). Sample text ————â€⠀Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- 10 e). Sample text —————————————————————————————————————- 14 f). Sample text —————————————————————————————————————- 15 g). Sample text —————————————————————————————————————- 19 h). Sample text ————â⠂¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- 20 i). Sample text —————————————————————————————————————- 24 j). Sample text —————————————————————————————————————- 27 k). Sample text —————————————————————————————————————- 28 l). Sample text ————â⠂¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- 29 m). Sample text ————————————————————————————————————— 31 n). Sample text —————————————————————————————————————- 32 o). Sample text —————————————————————————————————————- 33 p). Sample text ————â₠¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- 35 q). Sample text —————————————————————————————————————- 39 r). Sample text —————————————————————————————————————- 41 s). Sample text —————————————————————————————————————- 43 t). Sample text ————â⠂¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- 45 u). Sample text —————————————————————————– ———————————- 45 v). Sample text —————————————————————————————————————- 48 w). Sample text —————————— ———————————————————————————- 49 x). Sample text —————————————————————————————————————- 52 y). Sample text —————————————————————————————————————- 53 z). Sample text —————————————————————————————————————- 59 Make a list of all sections of proposal along with applicable page numbers. Cover this section on one page. Make a list of all sections of proposal along with applicable page numbers. Cover this section on one page. Table of Contents Table of Contents Project Details Project Details Summary Summary Provide a brief executive summary of your project proposal here in this section including background, current situation, objectives, time scales and expected benefits. Provide a brief executive summary of your project proposal here in this section including background, current situation, objectives, time scales and expected benefits. Provide a brief executive summary of your project proposal here in this section including background, current situation, objectives, time scales and expected benefits. Provide a brief executive summary of your project proposal here in this section including background, current situation, objectives, time scales and expected benefits. Provide a brief executive summary of your project proposal here in this section including background, current situation, objectives, time scales and expected benefits. Provide a brief executive summary of your project proposal here in this section including background, current situation, objectives, time scales and expected benefits. Provide a brief executive summary of your project proposal here in this section including background, current situation, objectives, time scales and expected benefits. Provide a brief executive summary of your project proposal here in this section including background, current situation, objectives, time scales and expected benefits. Provide a brief executive summary of your project proposal here in this section including background, current situation, objectives, time scales and expected benefits. Provide a brief executive summary of your project proposal here in this section including background, current situation, objectives, time scales and expected benefits. Business Objectives Business Objectives Please identify main objectives of your project in this section by giving a concrete statement describing your project and what you want to achieve with this project. You have to show here that your project is SMART that is Specific, Measureable, Attainable, Realistic and Time bound. Please identify main objectives of your project in this section by giving a concrete statement describing your project and what you want to achieve with this project. You have to show here that your project is SMART that is Specific, Measureable, Attainable, Realistic and Time bound. Objective No| Objective Description| | | | | | | | | Please identify main objectives of your project in this section by giving a concrete statement describing your project and what you want to achieve with this project. You have to show here that your project is SMART that is Specific, Measureable, Attainable, Realistic and Time bound. Please identify main objectives of your project in this section by giving a concrete statement describing your project and what you want to achieve with this project. You have to show here that your project is SMART that is Specific, Measureable, Attainable, Realistic and Time bound. Objective No| Objective Description| | | | | | | | | Deliverables and Limits Deliverables and Limits The deliverables are the changes that the project has to make in order to achieve the business objectives. Typically these will be system implementation or change to achieve the business process changes described in objectives. In many projects mis-understandings often arise because there are limits to the scope of the project that have not been clearly stated e. g. the system will only be available to a certain group of users, the deliverable is only intended to capture a proportion of the transactions, the system will only be delivered on University supported browsers. Typical deliverables for IT projects are listed below. * New IT Service * New MyEd channel * New Software system * Suite of Reports * Implementation service * Infrastructure Upgrade * Business Process Change The deliverables are the changes that the project has to make in order to achieve the business objectives. Typically these will be system implementation or change to achieve the business process changes described in objectives. In many projects mis-understandings often arise because there How to cite Project-Proposal-Template, Essay examples

The Accident That Changed My Life Essay Example For Students

The Accident That Changed My Life Essay The Accident That Changed My LifeI used to read in the news about people getting in car accidents all the time. The trouble is, I never thought it could happen to me. I guess you could say that I saw myself as invincible. With the way Id been living my life, something was bound to happen eventually. I believe that everything in life happens for a reason. This is why my car accident changed my life. I was a second year senior at Independence High School. Most of my time was spent hanging out with my friends. My friends were the most important thing to me back then and I would bend over backwards for each and every one of them. Because of all the time I spent out with my friends, I barely spent any time at home with my family. I also had a hard time waking up to go to school in the morning. Things had gotten so bad that I would sometimes miss school for weeks at a time. Little did I know, that destiny had a big change in store for me!It was really late one night and I decided to go out. I went to pick up my friends and go to a party at some wharehouse. I remember having a lot of fun and laughing a lot with my friends. One of the people I was talking to had asked for a ride because his was leaving and I accepted. So now I was responsible for taking four people, including myself home. After I dropped off the first guy, I was making a left turn. When I saw I was in the clear, I went ahead and turned. All of a sudden, I saw a big car heading my way real fast. I sped up to get past the lane he was in and finish my turn, but it was too late. He smashed right into me on the drivers side. The impact bent the whole frame of my car, and I remember being able to touch the other drivers bumper from my window (which was now in a million pieces on the ground)! Luckily, my friends were okay and didnt have to stay the night at the hospital. I, on the other hand, was not so lucky! While my friends were able to leave, I was stuck there, in a coma. We will write a custom essay on The Accident That Changed My Life specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now I had an outer body experience in that coma. I remember being surrounded by white, no other color but white. As I was floating down this path headed towards a bright white light, I began to hear a harmony of beautiful voices. They were almost an angelic chorus of high-pitched notes. All of a sudden (I was coming out of the coma.), the whiteness that surrounded me was starting to disappear like clouds fading away. When all the clouds were gone I was surrounded by about twenty familiar faces of those Id known and loved. As soon as I saw my mothers face, I just knew everything was going to be okay!It smelled like a hospital and my mouth was all dry and sticky like I hadnt moved it for days. Come to find out, I hadnt moved my mouth in two days! I really couldnt remember what happened or figure out why I was at the hospital. I was hooked up to a breathing machine, so I couldnt talk to anyone. The first thing I did was look at my mom for an explanation. She looked at me and said, Hi Kimmy. Youre in the hospital. Youve been in a serious car accident, but youre in good hands and youre gonna be alright. I knew that it was really hard to breathe beacause it hurt everytime I inhaled. Because I couldnt talk, I couldnt find out what was really wrong with me. So, I just waited patiently, knowing Id find out eventually. .u0c959380c805612fd18fb72e0e34b4a5 , .u0c959380c805612fd18fb72e0e34b4a5 .postImageUrl , .u0c959380c805612fd18fb72e0e34b4a5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0c959380c805612fd18fb72e0e34b4a5 , .u0c959380c805612fd18fb72e0e34b4a5:hover , .u0c959380c805612fd18fb72e0e34b4a5:visited , .u0c959380c805612fd18fb72e0e34b4a5:active { border:0!important; } .u0c959380c805612fd18fb72e0e34b4a5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0c959380c805612fd18fb72e0e34b4a5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0c959380c805612fd18fb72e0e34b4a5:active , .u0c959380c805612fd18fb72e0e34b4a5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0c959380c805612fd18fb72e0e34b4a5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0c959380c805612fd18fb72e0e34b4a5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0c959380c805612fd18fb72e0e34b4a5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0c959380c805612fd18fb72e0e34b4a5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0c959380c805612fd18fb72e0e34b4a5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0c959380c805612fd18fb72e0e34b4a5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0c959380c805612fd18fb72e0e34b4a5 .u0c959380c805612fd18fb72e0e34b4a5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0c959380c805612fd18fb72e0e34b4a5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Revolt of Mother: The Power of Decision EssayI acknowledged everyone with a thumbs up. When I wanted to go to sleep, I waved my arm towards the door, so that people would know to leave. It was really difficult to cope with. I was lying in a hospital bed in ICU hooked up to all kinds of machines. The hardest thing, was not being able to talk to my dad when he flew up to visit me. I did however, get to speak with my father after they took the breathing tube out. When I was able to speak, I turned to look at my mom. The first thing I said was, Did you call work to tell them I cant come in? Mom said Yes, Lin called for you the day they brought you in here. Thanks!, I replied. Am I gonna be okay? I asked. Then, with such hope, she sighed and said, Kim, you are so strong, and youre such a fighter. I know you are going to be okay. Its going to take you some time to heal. But you are going to be just fine! I sure hope so. I am so glad you are here. Shouldnt you be at work or something? I asked. Youre not going to believe it, but no. Im not even allowed to sign on and check my e-mail. My boss gave me strict orders to take care of you first, as you and your brother are the two most important things in my life. Im here for you as long as you need me. I love you sweetheart., she replied. Thats great Mom. I love you too! Can you tell me whats really wrong with me now? I asked. She sadly looked at me and said, They have taken x-rays, and are running tests. We should be finding out the results pretty soon. While Id been in the coma, they were giving me a drug that made me have amnesia. This was to protect me remembering the traumatic experience Id been through long enough for me to heal emotionally. The doctors had instructed my mom not to tell me too much about what was wrong with me. She would only tell me one thing at a time. It wasnt until the fifth day that I was made aware of the extent of my injuries. The doctor told me I had lost a lot of blood and three blood transfusions were made (two of which were my own). I had broken five ribs which in turn punctured my lung and ruptured my spleen! Dr. Goldman had performed emergency surgery for the removal of my spleen. It suprisingly wasnt until the eighth day that I was made aware of my fractured hip and pelvic bones. On the tenth day, I was released from the hospital to spend the remainder of the school year and the entire summer at home recovering. I have to say that this was a major ordeal and even though so much bad stuff happened, Im so glad it did. I have turned my whole life around! I quit smoking cigarettes and everything else I took part in that hurt my body. Ive started to pay more attention to myself and what is important to me. School has become a great success so far and I intend to keep it that way. The best thing that happened, is the closeness my mom and I have to each other now. My family has become an issue in my life that I cant ignore anymore. I thank God for giving me my life and my family. I am a whole new extra-responsible person. For the first time in my life, I can actually say that Im proud of myself. If it werent for my accident I would still be on the right road headed in the wrong direction. Now that I have turned around, Im going the right way, and I dont intend on going back. .uf8b31e13975879102a5d67cb2236832b , .uf8b31e13975879102a5d67cb2236832b .postImageUrl , .uf8b31e13975879102a5d67cb2236832b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf8b31e13975879102a5d67cb2236832b , .uf8b31e13975879102a5d67cb2236832b:hover , .uf8b31e13975879102a5d67cb2236832b:visited , .uf8b31e13975879102a5d67cb2236832b:active { border:0!important; } .uf8b31e13975879102a5d67cb2236832b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf8b31e13975879102a5d67cb2236832b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf8b31e13975879102a5d67cb2236832b:active , .uf8b31e13975879102a5d67cb2236832b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf8b31e13975879102a5d67cb2236832b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf8b31e13975879102a5d67cb2236832b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf8b31e13975879102a5d67cb2236832b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf8b31e13975879102a5d67cb2236832b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf8b31e13975879102a5d67cb2236832b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf8b31e13975879102a5d67cb2236832b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf8b31e13975879102a5d67cb2236832b .uf8b31e13975879102a5d67cb2236832b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf8b31e13975879102a5d67cb2236832b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Government?s Integrity EssaySocial Issues Essays

Free Essays on An Analysis Of Abraham Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address.

An Analysis of Abraham Lincoln’s Second Inaugural address. In President Lincoln’s second inaugural speech, the president reminds the citizens that they should move forward, away from the civil war, but look back, to note on the significance of the bloodiest war in American History; They should also consider the freedom of one eight of the population who were oppressed by the Confederate â€Å"insurgents†, who are condemned the most, but at the same time they are equaled in the president’s authoritative and groundbreaking tone. From the beginning, the â€Å"fitting and proper† events of the civil war are to be included in the second inaugural speech by the president. Ironically, this speech comments the nation’s overall condition, but is much smaller than the first speech. The president also creates a sense of positive action and progression in the country, by calling the bloodiest war in American History â€Å"the great contest†, which shows that the president uses euphemisms to soften the whole image of the war, so as to present a nation in a great contest for the civil rights of slaves, or the right to keep them. The next euphemism is actually a military term for guns, the president uses â€Å"arms† as a way to sound politically correct, but also to make something known for death and destruction become a pun for the push or the body part that gets things done with muscle. In that same sentence the president says that â€Å"the progress of our arms upon which all else chiefly depends†¦Ã¢â‚¬  the word chiefly, here is used as an adverb to intensify the condition of how the progress depends, but not only to be used as an adverb, this word can also hold the meaning of the President of the United States being Chief of Staff, and Chief of State. The president shows his support of the north without directly stating so, but he says that he â€Å"trust[s] the progress of our arms[:] reasonable satisfactory and encouraging to all.† This idea ... Free Essays on An Analysis Of Abraham Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address. Free Essays on An Analysis Of Abraham Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address. An Analysis of Abraham Lincoln’s Second Inaugural address. In President Lincoln’s second inaugural speech, the president reminds the citizens that they should move forward, away from the civil war, but look back, to note on the significance of the bloodiest war in American History; They should also consider the freedom of one eight of the population who were oppressed by the Confederate â€Å"insurgents†, who are condemned the most, but at the same time they are equaled in the president’s authoritative and groundbreaking tone. From the beginning, the â€Å"fitting and proper† events of the civil war are to be included in the second inaugural speech by the president. Ironically, this speech comments the nation’s overall condition, but is much smaller than the first speech. The president also creates a sense of positive action and progression in the country, by calling the bloodiest war in American History â€Å"the great contest†, which shows that the president uses euphemisms to soften the whole image of the war, so as to present a nation in a great contest for the civil rights of slaves, or the right to keep them. The next euphemism is actually a military term for guns, the president uses â€Å"arms† as a way to sound politically correct, but also to make something known for death and destruction become a pun for the push or the body part that gets things done with muscle. In that same sentence the president says that â€Å"the progress of our arms upon which all else chiefly depends†¦Ã¢â‚¬  the word chiefly, here is used as an adverb to intensify the condition of how the progress depends, but not only to be used as an adverb, this word can also hold the meaning of the President of the United States being Chief of Staff, and Chief of State. The president shows his support of the north without directly stating so, but he says that he â€Å"trust[s] the progress of our arms[:] reasonable satisfactory and encouraging to all.† This idea ...

The Kushan Empire

The Kushan Empire The Kushan Empire began in the early 1st century as a branch of the Yuezhi, a confederation of ethnically Indo-Europeans nomads who lived in eastern Central Asia. Some scholars connect the Kushans with the Tocharians of the Tarim Basin in China, Caucasian people whose blonde or red-haired mummies have long puzzled observers. Throughout its reign, the Kushan Empire spread control over much of Southern Asia all the way to modern-day Afghanistan and throughout the Indian subcontinent- with it, Zoroastrian, Buhhdism and Hellenistic beliefs also spread as far as China to the east and Persia to the west. Rise of an Empire Around the years A.D. 20 or 30, the Kushans were driven westward by the Xiongnu, a fierce people who likely were the ancestors of the Huns. The Kushans fled to the borderlands of what is now Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan, where they established an independent empire in the region known as Bactria. In Bactria, they conquered the Scythians and the local Indo-Greek kingdoms, the last remnants of Alexander the Greats invasion force that had failed to take India. From this central location, the Kushan Empire became a wealthy trading hub between the peoples of Han China, Sassanid Persia and the Roman Empire. Roman gold and Chinese silk changed hands in the Kushan Empire, turning a nice profit for the Kushan middle-men. Given all their contacts with the great empires of the day, it is hardly surprising that the Kushan people developed a culture with significant elements borrowed from many sources. Predominantly Zoroastrian, the Kushans also incorporated Buddhist and Hellenistic beliefs into their own syncretic religious practices. Kushan coins depict deities including Helios and Heracles, Buddha and Shakyamuni Buddha, and Ahura Mazda, Mithra and the Zoroastrian fire god  Atar. They also used the Greek alphabet that they altered to suit spoken Kushan. Height of the Empire By the rule of the fifth emperor, Kanishka the Great from 127 to 140 the Kushan Empire had pushed into all of northern India and expanded east again as far as the Tarim Basin- the original homeland of the Kushans. Kanishka ruled from Peshawar (currently Pakistan), but his empire also included the major Silk Road cities of Kashgar, Yarkand, and Khotan in what is now Xinjiang or East Turkestan. Kanishka was a devout Buddhist and has been compared to the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka the Great in that regard. However, evidence suggests that he also worshiped the Persian deity Mithra, who was both a judge and a god of plenty. During his reign, Kanishka built a stupa that Chinese travelers reported as about 600 feet high and covered with jewels. Historians believed that these reports were fabricated until the base of this amazing structure was discovered in Peshawar in 1908. The emperor built this fabulous stupa to house three of the Buddhas bones. References to the stupa have since been discovered among the Buddhist scrolls at Dunhuang, China, as well. In fact, some scholars believe that Kanishkas forays into the Tarim were Chinas first experiences with Buddhism. Decline and Fall After 225 CE, the Kushan Empire crumbled into a western half, which was almost immediately conquered by the Sassanid Empire of Persia, and an eastern half with its capital in Punjab. The eastern Kushan Empire fell at an unknown date, likely between 335 and 350 CE, to the Gupta king, Samudragupta.   Still, the influence of the Kushan Empire helped spread Buddhism across much of Southern and Eastern Asia. Unfortunately, many of the practices, beliefs, art, and texts of the Kushans were destroyed when the empire collapsed and if not for the historical texts of Chinese empires, this history may have been lost forever.

Entrepreneurship in the Global Environment Essay

Entrepreneurship in the Global Environment - Essay Example This essay is based on the brief overview of the profile of John Mackey and his business activities. John Mackey is the co-founder of Whole Foods Markets, which is an organic grocery retail chain based in Austin, Texas. The company holds a valuation of $14 billion and holds its position among the Fortune 500 companies. In 1978, John Mackey founded a health food store called SaferWay. After two years, it merged with Clarksville Natural Grocery to form the parent company Whole Foods market. Mackey started his business with only 19 employees and it has grown significantly since then. Currently, the company operates with 410 stores in the UK, US, and Canada, with 88,000 employees. John Mackey and his business bring the attention to his entrepreneurial qualities because he has been able to increase his business operations from a single store to a large retail chain of stores that operates in overseas location as well. One can certainly learn for his strategies and know what it needs to be an entrepreneur. Apart from focusing on business activities, Mackey also engages in socially responsible activities. He is also the co-founder of the Conscious Capitalism Movement, which discusses ethical consciousness and how a business operation should be grounded on this concept. These characteristics have made John Mackey the person of interest for the entrepreneurial studies. This section will justify that John Mackey can be categorized as an entrepreneur, by discussing his activities based on theoretical background. The theoretical background of entrepreneurship stated that an entrepreneur must have certain characteristics which allow him to thrive towards his objectives of making his business grow. It has been mentioned that an entrepreneur must be creative and should be able to take risks.

PLEASE CHOOSE A TOPIC....ABOUT LEGALIZING MARIJUANA Essay

PLEASE CHOOSE A TOPIC....ABOUT LEGALIZING MARIJUANA - Essay Example Crude marijuana, as researchers have been able to extract possesses more than 400 chemicals as a combination. This however occurs during smoking when all of these 400 chemicals split up into thousands of other chemicals themselves. Notwithstanding the nearly 12,000 studies done on the medical utility of marijuana, a staggering common consent does exist in the scientific community of late which suggests that the smoked form of marijuana cannot be termed as a medicine. According to a number of public-opinion polls that were conducted in America sometime back, Americans do not support the idea of liberalizing marijuana, just for the sake of it. They are simply not in the harmony with it and thus they do not allow their government to do anything of such nature. Thus this gives the drug pressure groups some food for thought whereby they abstain themselves from using the word "legalization" in their trading with the government and hence the people in particular, in this matter. This term has been substituted with preferred ones like harm reduction, decriminalization and even ‘medicalization’. However they (drug lobby groups) are hell bent upon achieving their goals, which are to approve the bill of medicinal marijuana as legal and free for all and sundry to research openly and extract benefits from. All this while, the public has taken a sensible and mature stance in remaining opposed to recreational use of marijuana. The drug ‘legalizers’, by hook or by crook are still endeavoring their best to get marijuana legalized. For this, they use dishonorable and disgracing tactics like mingling with the deceptive ballot referendums, which is not a good sign for the ill and sick people whose lives are at stake. Ethics also plays a big role here and medical people should try their best not to cross this human boundary, at any cost whatsoever. Marijuana ‘legalizers’ are usually of the claim that Americas prisons have overflowed with young

The Devil Wears Prada Commerce Essay

The Devil Wears Prada Commerce Essay This reports investigates the management style, organisational culture, power and politics and employee support lessons of Runway. A conclusion is made in the fifth chapter. It is important to note that the movie is a caricature on organisational level. Quotes from the movie are referenced with the first name of the character. Many authors developed many models to analyse the above fields. In this report however, a very brief selection was made due to the limited word count. The sixth chapter reflects how this relates to Duo2, the organisation I worked in. The last chapter offers recommendations. Management style The management style in runway fits the most the contingency approach. Different theories also identify the behavioural leadership. Contingency approach Scott states the essence of contingency theory: the best way to organise depends on the nature of the environment to which the organisation relates (Scott 1998: 96). The fashion industry is very dependent on their environment, which is very fluctuating. This means that Runways best way in constantly changing as well, answering the trends in the industry. Miranda often does last-minute changes such as rescheduling meetings or changing promotions due to external factors. Team working stimulates the spread of new ideas, which are vital for change (Burns and Stalker 1966). Moreover, this change or innovation is vital for most companies, especially in the fashion industry. Runway uses teamwork in order to get new fresh ideas. Miranda lets her team make suggestions to develop a new outfit for Runway-cover. Lawrence and Lorsch (1968) state the importance of balancing differentiation and integration of those teams, enabling them to be best equipped to adapt to environmental changes. The balance in Runway tends more to be towards integration instead of differentiation, due to Mirandas tight control and the strong organisational culture (see next chapter). Taylor (scientific management) did already emphasize the importance of choosing the general type of management best suited to a particular case (Bizcovering 2009). Follet (human relations approach) formulated the law of the situation: the necessity of acting in accordance with the specific requirements of a given situation (Bizcovering 2009). As Andy develops and improves, Mirandas approach and attitude to her changes as well. The contingency approach is criticised because of its lack of theoretical foundation and being basically intuitive (Bizcovering 2009). Miranda has absolute power and controls whole Runway. This enables her to act in accordance with the specific requirements of a given situation. A more democratic approach would lack the flexibility needed to fully benefit the contingency approach. However, Mirandas decisions are indeed basically intuitive. Behavioural leadership The character of Miranda is autocratic. She uses direct control over her employees. It could be argued that creative jobs need more responsible autonomy. However, at Runway the direct control seems to work for most of the employees. On Tannebaum and Schmidts continuum, she scores highest on use of authority by the manager and lowest on area of freedom for subordinates. Andy literally sold her freedom to her. She does not have any private life anymore, illustrated by the loss of her friends and boyfriend. Tannebaum and Schmidt describe Mirandas behaviour as the manager decides and announces the decision. (Businessballs 2009). Purcell and Sisson (1983) identify her as a traditionalist, having little attention to the employee needs. Traditionalists oppose trade unions. For the size of a company such as Runway, it is however likely that there is trade union presence. The management style fits the business. The high autocratic behaviour exploits fully all opportunities the contingency approach offers. Moreover, it is one of the roots of the organisational culture, discussed in the next chapter. Organisational culture Runway has a strong organisational culture. This is because of the employees alignment to the organisational values. The best performing organisations are those with a strong culture (Deal and Kennedy 1999). Moreover, Peters and Waterman (1982) argue that excellent organisations have a strong cooperate culture. However, despite all the attributed excellence there is major risk in strong cultural organisation: groupthink. This name was given by Janis as a quick and easy way to refer to a mode of thinking that people engage when they are deeply involved in a cohesive in group, when members strivings for unanimity override their motivation to realistically appraise alternatives of action. (Janis 1982: 9). This means that employees do not challenge the current organisational ideas, resulting in very poor innovation and low flexibility. Johnsons cultural web Johnsons et al (2002) cultural web consists out of six interrelated elements. Together they form the paradigm of the organisation. These six factors are described below. Stories Stories can be about people as well as events. On Andys first day, she hears from Emily that her precedents only lasted a few weeks. Moreover, Andy became a story herself because of her unfashionable taste in the beginning (Rebecca and Emily talking), and at the end because of her achievements (Emily talking to the new girl and Mirandas recommendation fax). One event clearly stands out as well: the fashion week in Paris. Paris is fabulous. Its the best thing that could ever happen to a person (Emily). Miranda confesses she lives towards this week during the whole year. These stories show how much Runway values the fashion week in Paris. Rituals and routines When Miranda arrives at Runway in the morning, the morning-routine can be clearly observed. Everything is prepared in a fashionable way before her arrival. When she arrives, people avoid her at any cost: a girl gets out of the lift for her and apologises, people in the corridor turn back the way they came from, etc. Dealing with Miranda requires some rituals. The most important one is to never ask her anything. When Andy goes to deliver the book to Mirandas house, Emily informs her about the strict book-ritual, described in appendix 1. Symbols Runway is fashion. This symbol can be found in the clothing style and even the eating habits of the staff, the design of the offices. Its product, the magazine, became a clear symbol in the fashion industry. Organizational structure The entire organisation is built around Miranda. Hierarchical structure at lower levels is not shown in the film. It is for example unclear how Nigel leads his department. Control systems There is no information about financial, quality or reward systems. Miranda exercises all control by making all employees fear her. This pushed the staff into certain rituals and routines, all in function to please Miranda. Power structures Miranda has all the real power. During the film this is obvious in the way she leads Runway. Even in the end, when they try to replace her, she has a list of people who will go with her if she goes. This proves her power. This topic will be further specified in the next chapter. In addition to Johnsons cultural web, an analysis according to Schein (1985), who argued culture could be analyzed at several different levels, is included in appendix 2. Handys four cultures Handy (1985) identifies the following four cultures. Trompenaars et al (2003) also distinguishes four corporate cultures, showing similarities with Handys model (appendix 3). Power culture Power cultures give complete power to a few who control everything. This allows them to make fast decisions and does not require much rules or bureaucracy. Miranda enjoys absolute power, which indeed enables here to make swift decisions. She makes the whole company run for her by constantly advancing deadlines. She is famous for being unpredictable because her position allows her to be unpredictable (Doug). Role culture A role culture has a highly defined structure, where everybody has its own role. These are usual hierarchical bureaucracies. At Runway, people do not seem to have a clearly defined role, especially Andy: she is Mirandas secretary, but also makes her childrens science-project, goes to pick up orders, buys food and drinks for Miranda and arranges the unpublished Harry Potter book for Mirandas children. Task culture In tasks cultures, employees work as teams to focus on a particular problem. Expertise is power. There is not much proof of teamwork at Runway, unless initiated by Miranda. Everybody does what Miranda wishes, despite their expertise. Person culture Person cultures all build on egalitarian individuals. Andy however does not have the same power as Miranda has. Whole Runway is just built on one individual: Miranda. Organisational power and politics French and Raven French and Raven (1959) argued that power is based on the following five categories: Coercive power This is the power of dictators such as Miranda. Though often identified as being physical, this is not the case here. The use of threats characterises coercive power. The fear of losing their job is the biggest threat for Runways employees. Employees only want to survive. Reward power As a single decision maker, Miranda can decide who gets promoted, or who joins her to celebrations. For example: the famous Paris week was taken away from Emily and given to Andy. However, employees are not rewarded for their compliance. Nigel explains Andy: Dont be surprised Miranda does not give you a kiss on the forehead and a golden star on your homework. Later on, he, one of the most loyal employees, did not receive a promised promotion because of Mirandas self-interest. Legitimate power Most people believe Miranda can make any demands, just because she is famous. As a leader of Runway she has legitimate power. However, this power is not only from her position: even when she would lose that position she has a group of people who would obey her. Referent power As being famous, Miranda enjoys a lot of referent power. A million girls would kill for that job [which Andy has] (Dough) or people are dying to work here (Nigel). Some employees perform beyond their capacity, because it is for Miranda. Emily for example comes to work when she is ill, telling herself I love my job, I love my job. Miranda uses her referent power as coercion. Maybe Emily did not come to work for Miranda (only) but out of fear of Miranda. Expert power In this category Miranda has a power base as well. Her expertise made her famous, which gave her referent power. Therefore she was given legitimate power as well. Miranda turned all powers into coercion, to have maximum control to do what she considers to be best for the magazine. Amitai Etzioni Etzioni (1968) discovered an association between the kind of power mix typically used by an organization and the modal involvement of its lower participant. Highly coercive mixes tend to be met with intensive negative involvement, normative mixes with intense positive involvement, and remunerative mixes with less intense positive or negative involvement, depending on the mix. (Etzioni 1968: 103). Coercive power Coercive power, typified by prisons, is discussed previously (3.1.1). Remunerative power Remunerative power, typical in factories, is discussed previously as well (3.1.4). Normative power Normative power relies on the power of symbols, typified by churches. The Runway magazine can be seen as a symbol of fashion. Nigel tells Andy the magazine represented hope for him when he was a little boy. Alientive involvement Alientive involvement describes Andys attitude, as an answer to Mirandas coercive power. She is pushed to do things against her will, such as helping on the science project of the twins. Calculative/pecuniary involvement Calculative involvement is based on extrinsic reward. This kind of involvement comes forth out of remunerative power. Emily is calculative involved because of the Paris week and all the clothes she would receive. Moral involvement Moral involvement is based on individual beliefs. At Runway, most employees are moral involved because they believe in Miranda for what she represents or symbolises, answering her normative power. Employee support lessons It is important to define the psychological contract first to understand what goes on in the workplace. It is defined as the expectations or perceptions of the two parties, employee and employer, of what their mutual obligations are towards each other. (Guest and Conway 2001). Andys and Mirandas expectations are different. The table in appendix 4 illustrates some of the differences. The psychological contract is based on employees sense of fairness and trust and their belief that the employer is honouring the deal between them. (CIPD 2008). Andy does not have this sense of fairness, she has feels as Mirandas slave, resulting in alientive involvement. However, this psychological contract does work for other employees, as they do not expect any fairness and believe that Miranda is doing what is best. Nigel plays a big role in Andys support lessons. Paternalistically he takes care of her appearance: giving her shoes, choosing clothes for her, taking her to the beauty department, etc. Emily tells her what she has to do practically: taking Mirandas coat, how to deliver the book to Miranda, not talking to Miranda, studying all guests names of the party, etc. Nigel and Emily helped Andy to fit into Runways organisational culture. Moreover, they explained the employers side of the psychological contract. There is a clear evolution in Andys behaviour and attitude, as she learns about Runways psychological contract. Being stressed out after Mirandas first demanding request, she is able to execute her later even more demanding tasks perfectly, as she learnt what Miranda expects. Not only did she find the unpublished Harry Potter script, she also knew that Miranda expected two copies, and made sure these copies were delivered to the twins before they went to their grandmother. In the end, even Miranda helps Andy understand that she expects the job to be more important than her personal life, because that is what it takes to do this job (Miranda). Andy evolutes into this kind of person, accepting Runways psychological contract. However, eventually she decides that she does not want to be like this, and quits her job. Conclusion Miranda is an autocratic dictator, using her own best practise way. This contingency approach gives her a lot of freedom. She is the base of Runways strong organisational culture. Johnsons et al (2002) cultural web and Scheins (1985) three levels describe this culture. Runway is typified by a power culture, giving Miranda maximum control and flexibility (Handy 1985). This power is based in all the categories identified by French and Raven (1959). Mirandas personal power sources (expert and referent power) gave her positional power sources (legitimate, reward and coercive power). She (ab)uses coercive power the most. Unlike Etzioni (1968) suggests, employees are mostly moral involved instead of alientive involved. Andy is the exception, not sharing the organisational beliefs in fashion, resulting in alientive involvement. The problem with the psychological contract is that it is unwritten, and thus difficult to find out (Guest and Conway 2001). Andy has the help from Nigel, Emily and even Miranda in understanding the psychological contract at Runways. As she becomes aware of Mirandas expectations, she adapts herself (and her expectations) to fulfil Mirandas. However, eventually she decides that her job does not come before her personal life. This difference in expectations makes her quit her job. Application to the organisation Duo2 Duo2 was a sustainable marketing and communication agency founded by me and five other students for two months, as part of our degree in marketing. A modern management style was used. Duo2 was a learning organisation (Garvin and Cizik 1991), acquiring knowledge to fulfil certain tasks. We developed a course book for entrepreneurship in the tourism industry, though none of us was familiar with tourism. Consequence: learning about tourism. Our CEO adapted a laissez-faire approach, giving us maximum freedom and responsible autonomy. We could chose our hours and place of work. Further it can be described as a manager who joins (Tannebaum and Schmidt cited in Businessballs 2009) as we made all decisions together. Purcell and Sisson (1983) identify this as sophisticated constitutionalists moderns. We had a very weak organisational culture, with no organisational- or power structure, no control systems and no rituals. Stories were limited to gossips about lectors. The only symbol was our logo (Johnson et al 2002). Our mission and vision captured our underlying values and beliefs (Schein 1985). We worked in teams focussing on different tasks (task culture) in an egalitarian and informal style (incubator culture) (Handy 1985 and Trompenaars et al 2003). Some people worked on the tourism course book, others focussed on other clients or other tasks such as creating the website, searching clients, etc. Power was based on expertise (French and Raven 1959). Somebody with superior writing skills was leading the writing team. Creative talents had authority over the website. Our involvement was calculative: we worked only hard enough to pass and for the money, which was equally divided. With no different positional power sources and equity there was a perfect psychological contract: We did not have different expectations for ourselves than for others. Though some had different levels perceptions of qualitative work, generally we all expected the same from each other. Appendix 5 compares the discussed topics of Runways with Duo2s Recommendations (if Duo2 would still exist) The management style, organisational culture and equity provided a lot of freedom in Duo2. To sustain this freedom, a lot of communication is needed (who works where on what?). Therefore I recommend the implication of a better communication system. Weekly office meetings at the same time would help. Especially a personal logbook/task plan available to everybody would be useful. This means that everybody can see who did, is doing, or going to do certain tasks at which location. This would enhance the current task culture and create more efficiency. Moreover, the personal logbook can also be used as a way of performance management. We had a lot of freedom which made us happy and generally performed well. Though for some individuals it is good to have some kind of control system in place, to make sure they perform equally well and to communicate performances of everybody (which cannot always be noticed). This would make sure that everybody works the same hard, supporting our egalitarian culture and Adams equity theory. At the weekly office meetings everybody could present their logbook, the work they did, and their task plan, the work they plan doing the next week. This control system makes the employees freedom justifiable and does not undermine it. It is important to state that the freedom was very important for our motivation and inspiration, as most tasks were creative. Moreover, this allowed us to get the maximum out of ourselves. The freedom needs to be kept, however I recommend the above control system to be implemented in order to guarantee and check upon the productivity of that freedom. List of References Bizcovering (2009) Contingency Approach to Management [online] available from [20 March 2007] Burns, T. and Stalker, G., M. (1966) The Management of Innovation. London: Tavistock Publ. Businessballs (2009) Tannenbaum and Schmidt continuum [online] available from [8 April 2009] Changing Minds (2009) Trompenaars four diversity cultures [online] available from [22 February 2009] CIPD (2008) The psychological contract [online] available from [12 April 2008] Deal, T., E. and Kennedy, A., A. (1999) The New Corporate Cultures. New York: Perseus Publishing Etzioni, A. (1968) Organizational Dimensions and their Interrelationships: A Theory of Compliance. Indik, B. and Berrien, K. (eds.) People, Groups, and Organizations, 94-109 Frankel, D. (2006) The Devil Wears Prada [online] available from [21 February 2009] French, J.R.P. and Raven, B. (1959) The bases of social power. Studies in Social Power Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Garvin, D. (2003) Learning in Action: A Guide to Putting the Learning Organization to Work. Harvard : Harvard Business Press Guest, D.E. and Conway, N. (2001) Organisational Change and the Psychological Contract. London: CIPD Handy, C., B. (1985) 3rd edn. Understanding Organizations. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books Hedges, P. (2005) The Devil Wears Prada [online] available from [19 February 2009] Janis, I., L. (1982) 2nd edn. Groupthink: Psychological Studies of Policy Decisions and Fiascoes. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Johnson, G., K., Scholes and R., Whittington (2002) 8th edn. Exploring corporate strategy. London: Prentice Hall Lawrence, P. and Lorsch, J. (1968) Differentiation and Integrations in Complex Organisations. Administrative Science Quarterly 12, 1-30 Peters, T., J. and Waterman, R., H (1982) In search of excellence: Lessons from Americas best-run companies. New York: Harper Row. Purcell, J. and Sisson, K. (1983) Strategies and practice in the management of industrial relations. Bain, G. (editor) Industrial Relations in Britain. Oxford: Blackwell Schein, E.,H. (1985) 3rd edn. Organizational Culture and Leadership. Chichester: Wiley Scott, W., R. (1998) 4th edn. Organisations: rational, natural, and open systems. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Trompenaars, F. and Woolliams, P. (2003) Business Across Cultures. Chichester: Wiley

Interface Culture: New Technology Transforms the Way

Steven Berlin Johnson is known for his reputation of being able to scale what the future holds through a differential paradigm that he sets basing from the present society. His ability to do so has made most of his books a must read especially for those who are enthusiasts of change. Through the researches that he does, he has made it certain that the changes in the world that affects the human society are clearly explained and outlined as to how they positively or negatively affect the human development.Through this, social and technological developments have been widely used as a topic for his books. Steven Berlin Johnson at present continues to startle the world of book-publication with his style of research and writing. He lives with his wife and two sons while he continues to write other books and do several columns for the internet at www.stevenberlinjohnson.com and he is the present editor of the Wired Magazine. He also continues to share his ideas to the young generation by b eing a resident writer in the Journal paper of the New York University Department of Journalism.Among his other works include â€Å"The Ghost Map: The Story of London’s Epidemic and Hoe it changed Science, Cities and the Modern World†. This book has also been   one of the best selling published work of Johnson after he launched the â€Å"Interface Culture†.I.About the BookInterface Culture showed that one of the greatest advancements that the human society ever jumped into for the past ten decades was the development of the cyberspace or the Internet. Before the said advancement, it could be observed that seas and mountains have separated the world, and that people were living in two different sides of the world and that communication from both sides was not that easy to incur.However, with the introduction of the cyber world, everything changes. It just happens that with just one click of a button, an individual could already be wired through to the world. Th is is the idea that Johnson point out in his written work. This book has been mainly devoted to help the society see the actual effects that the internet caused the cultures and the personal and behavioral development of people at present.Certainly, it is through this book that Johnson himself tried to outline the future possibilities that could be brought about by technology in changing the actual view of the society as a whole to the reality of culture mixing and global peace as well. It could be noted that through this written work, he naturally gave life to the widely used system of communication. He clearly points out that a world without computers is quite unimaginable for the generation that has just been born today. To them, it would the past years without the existence of computers may have been quite boring an uncivilized. Yes, cyber world has completely changed the views of the society from what is necessary and what is simply a luxury in life.II.Summary of the BookInterf ace Culture focuses of technological advancements of communication, particularly the internet, and how it affects the society at present. The said book by Johnson has been mainly a rhetorical writing that helps the readers understand the reality of â€Å"Interface† and the great impact that it has upon the lives of those who are directly linked to the said technological development.The interface avant-garde has quite been the core idea of the discussion that Johnson has presented in this book. The use of GUI’s (Graphical User Interface) have made it possible for certain individuals, even those who are not specifically involved in the usage of the Internet has caused much individual advancements among people in the society. It is mainly pointed out in this book that the changes that the introduction of the cyber world has radically performed social connection among races around the globe.Among the said advancements, Johnson focused on the social impact of the said Inter face. Cultures from around the world are already wired together and are thus able to learn about each other with just a click of the button. It could not be denied that it is through the Internet that people are educated about what happens on the other side of their own share of the globe.Yes, the world became smaller and the nations became close neighbors. The Internet even surpassed what televisions could provide through actual-time-video-streaming. What happens within other countries could easily be observed by other through the connection that they have. With the Interface culture, anything is possible. Working, studying, researching and other things could already be done anywhere using a computer and the connection that the Internet provides.With the existence of the cyber world, anything becomes possible and everything becomes easy within reach by anybody who is wired to the Interface Culture.III.The Main Theme and IdeaThe Internet is the doorway to interface culture (Johnson, 5). This is the most significant claim that Johnson particularly send to the readers through his book. It is through the wired culture that the society is connected to one another giving them the chance to understand people form all over the world and thus gain a wider perspective of why things happen.It also opens up the mind of the people to the possibility of gaining peace through the wired connection that they have. Although discrimination and things a like has not been removed, it could be observed that cross-cultural relationships has been constantly developing ever since the Internet has been introduced.However, along with the great provisions that the Internet provides the society, it could be noted that there too are those disadvantages that it brings the world. As it could be noted, it is not only the positive things that are presented through the Internet, there also exists several fraud and chaotic reports that are presented through cyberspace. However, it is upon the u sers’ discretion on which kind of reported occurrences he should believe and thus be affected by such. It still remains true that the actual development in the society still lies within the people’s decisions and not through the technological breakthroughs that the Internet makes accessible to the society.IV. The Book’s Relation to RealityWithout any doubt, the book of Johnson clearly gives an actual view of the present society as to how it is directly affected by the development of technology. Certainly, because of the fact that everything in the present society of man is affected by technology and the existence of Internet, it is thus helpful that the realities behind the existence of the said invention is directly presented to readers.As for the author of this paper, the important impact that it brings is simply the fact that the book covers much of the present situation of mankind as directly related to the cyberspace involvement. The said development has be en causing several changes that impacts people’s lives as common individuals. The strong effect that computers along with internet-based communication provide has mainly re-shifted the views of the entire society from traditional to a completely modern perspective of life and living as well.V. Evaluation and CritiqueAs an overall reaction upon the work done by Johnson in his book, it could be observed that his researches proved to be much helpful in helping the readers realize the impact of Interface Culture in their lives.Some may have used the Internet for several years now and yet not realize the fact that they are already a member of an existing society that are wired through the cyberspace. The international connection that the current communication technology provides has been clearly one of the focuses of the book, which helps the readers understand the clear effect of technology in their lives.Johnson has clearly defined what Interface Culture is and has mainly identi fied the need of everyone to both understand and be cautious to what the Internet, or cyber connection gives them access to. Basically, his enthusiasm and his knowledge on the background of the topic that the book discusses has made the book a must-read and a source of informative passages that would be greatly helpful for one to understand the importance of the emergence of technology and its interconnection with communication developments.VI. ConclusionThe present society is living in a â€Å"wired-community† of the cyber world. With a closer look on the idealisms that Johnson portrays in his book, people would realize that indeed, the Internet and computer-technology have been able to take over the most important developments in the human society.The economy, the individual development through education and thing alike has been made available to everyone through the Internet. This is the reason why interface culture has been regarded as the modern way of living. Yes, there are still a lot more to expect in the future, and there is nothing the society could do, but to be prepared on the changes that may happen in the future.BIBLIOGRAPHYSteven Johnson. (October 6, 1999). Interface Culture : How New Technology Transforms the Way We Create and Communicate. Perseus Books Group; Rep Sub edition. ISBN-10: 0465036805.W.Colston Leigh Inc. (2007). Steven Berlin Johnson Biography. http://leighbureau.com/speaker.asp?id=327. (April 3, 2007).